Germany’s
defeat in World War II brought about the invasion of German territory by the
victorious powers. West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) was divided into
zones of influence between France, the United Kingdom and the United States.
East Germany (German Democratic Republic), invaded at the end of the war by
Russia, remained under tight control of the Soviet Union. While the three zones
of influence in the west of Germany were unified into one state, the eastern side
was consisted in a formally independent state entity but under de facto
military and political control of the Soviet communist regime.
Berlin also had areas of competence. The city was divided into four areas:
English, French, US and Soviet Union. Berlin was still located all within the
German Democratic Republic. It was an enclave that enjoyed a special status.
The Western influence areas of Berlin represented an island of freedom. The
western Berlin had close contacts with the Federal Republic of Germany which
had as the provisional capital city of Bonn, pending the desired reunification
of its territory. The eastern part of Berlin was rather under the strict
control of the Russian army. The suburb of Berlin, Pankow, became the capital
of the German Democratic Republic.
During the conflict, in the last days of resistance in Germany, the allied
forces of France, Germany and the United States, coming from France and
Belgium, tried to hasten their advance to occupy as much territory as possible.
They tried also to incorporate Berlin in western Germany. But the Russian
forces had the same goal. Eventually most of the territory was controlled by
the Allies, but was unable to save Berlin, who found itself in the territory
occupied by the Russians, although the most populous part of the city remained
under Western control.
Three air corridors had been created to ensure the connections between Berlin
and West Germany, according to employment agreements. Furthermore, in fact,
there was also a road link and a railway line with Federal Germany which was
near the border about 160 kilometers from the city.
Berlin remained united until 1961, although in reality it had two
administrations. Public transport and the subway linking all the districts of
Berlin. The transfer of citizens who fled from East Berlin became more and more
intense after the end of the conflict. This escape of people always narrowed
more the presence of Berliners in the East side of town. About 2,500,000
Germans went from east to west before 1961.
The
authorities of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Germany, in
accordance with the Soviet authorities, decided to surround with a barrier to
“free” part of Berlin to stop this continues hemorrhage of people.
Although 15 June 1961 Walter Ulbricht, head of state of the Democratic Republic
stated that the construction of a wall between the two Berlin was not planned,
the night of August 12 of the same year the construction of a barrier began
made of barbed wire. After a few days the workers of the East began to erect a
veritable wall made with precast concrete reinforced with steel rods. The wall,
when completed, measured 155 kilometers in length and completely surrounded
West Berlin.
In 1948 Berlin had been completely blocked by the Russians. They prevented the
passage of goods and people by land between West Germany and the city. US
President Harry Truman did not want to run the risk of a Blockade violation
with a military column. He used a giant airlift, taking advantage of the three
air corridors provided for by the occupation agreement. The blockade lasted
almost a year, during which supplies of goods and the movement of persons were
secured by numerous airplanes, provided by all the allied countries, which
landed in the small city airport Tempelhof. The airport looked like a street in
rush hour, given the number of landings and take-offs that occurred during the
lockout. This episode is commonly considered to be the moment of the beginning
of the Cold War between the two blocs.
The construction of the wall was able to dramatically decrease the escapes but
it was a catastrophe against world opinion. The illiberal of the Soviet regime
was certified, which did not allow the free movement of its citizens. It also
was certifying the inferiority of the social system, as many citizens wanted to
flee in the Western world.
The wall dividing the city crossed the lines of communication. The subway line
suffered at interruptions of border crossings. Some buildings were found with
the door that opened to East Berlin and the main façade on West Berlin. The
windows on the ground floors that gave west were walled.
A confrontation between the two blocs immediately occurred. President John
Kennedy and the other heads of state did not go beyond the formal complaint.
Khrushchev wanted the formal recognition of the GDR (German Democratic
Republic) was allowed. Western countries that occupied Germany refused to grant
them, also led by Konrad Adenauer, head of government of the Federal Republic
of Germany, and Willy Brandt, the young mayor of Berlin. A recognition of the
GDR from the Soviets, would have certified the permanent division of Germany.
Few
checkpoints were left opened between the two Berlins with the construction of
the wall. The most important was the checkpoint Charlie. The military and the
civil authorities of the allied countries passed through this gate. They were
entitled to free movement in the occupation agreement drawn up at the end of
the conflict to regulate the relationship among the four occupying states.
In October several instances occurred in which guards the border of East
Germany (Vopos) claimed to check the documentation of the civil authorities in
civilian who crossed the checkpoint Charlie, which was the checkpoint commonly
used both military and civilian allies. Since it was against the agreements,
there was a vehement protest by the commander of US forces, General Lucius D.
Clay. DDR replied that only soldiers in uniform could freely cross the border.
General Clay, after obtaining the permission of President Kennedy, ordered the
deployment of tanks in front checkpoint for the security of the free movement
of their officials. To 10am of 25 October 1961, 10 American tanks lined up in
front of Charlie gap with the guns aimed in the direction of the East German
military, following the nth control of a US civil servant. The first two tanks
were equipped with powerful mechanical poles able to break down the barriers
and the wall surrounding.
There were frantic consultations between the authorities of the GDR and the
Soviet leaders. Khrushchev was convinced that the United States had no
intention of provoking the clashes, which probably would have resulted in a
conflict, hardly containable locally.
The Soviet authorities decided to replicate the same way. Some tanks approached
the border post of siding against US tanks, even with their guns aimed.
However, the tank drivers came out by tanks, showing cheerful and jovial. They
evidently were been instructed. A Western diplomat came up to the tank drivers,
with the excuse to ask for some information, making sure of their Russian
nationality.
Meanwhile Robert Kennedy had made contact with a Soviet embassy official in
Washington. Both the Russians and the Americans did not wished hostilities
because of the Berlin Wall. There was an agreement between the two countries to
reduce military tensions. On October 28, the Soviets withdrew their tanks in a
more remote area, concealed from the eyes of Americans. After that the
Americans did the same thing by withdrawing their tanks. This agreement was an
implicit recognition by the United States of the factual situation that had
arisen.
On June 26, 1963 John Kennedy made an official visit
to Berlin. On this occasion he uttered, appeared at the town hall balcony, a
full speech recognition to the courage of the Berliners who were under threat
of Soviet forces. He said at the end of his speech to the citizens of the city:
-And, Therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich bin ein
Berliner.” – (And therefore, as a free man, I am proud to say ” I am
a Berliner “). A playful controversy followed because, according to some,
Kennedy, putting the indefinite article in front of Berlin, said “I am a
Krapfen” which is a very popular sweet in Germany, which in some places is
familiarly called Berliner. According to German linguists the sentence of
Kennedy was correct, the indefinite article was necessary to emphasize the
statement.
About five thousand citizens of East Berlin managed to escape to West Berlin.
138 of them were those killed by Vopos guards while trying to escape. Many
Berliners were those who crossed the border through dozens of tunnels dug in
secret between the eastern and western parts of the city. In 1962, 13 elderly
people were able to achieve freedom with the tunnel of “elderly”. In 1964 as
many as 57 people attempted to escape through the tunnel which then was called
“57”, in the most sensational escape from the East. The tunnel could
remain secret for the time required for two groups of people, in two successive
nights, were able to cross it, reaching West Berlin.
The story of the family Bethke was a special case. The first of the brothers
Bethke, Ingo, who had been a border guard, organized his escape to a place that
was well-known because of his work. In 1975, along with a friend he climbed
over the fence and crossed a minefield on the Elbe river near Wittenberg, where
the river marking the border between the East and the western part of Germany.
He forded the river with an inflatable mattress and reached the West. The
second brother, Holger, began practicing with archery after the flight of Ingo.
In 1983, when he became pretty good at shooting, he reached one of the highest
buildings that stood in front of the Berlin Wall. He threw an arrow from the
terrace of the palace which went through the wall and stuck in a place where
there was waiting his brother Ingo. The arrow was tied a steel wire. Ingo tied
the wire to his car. Henger clutched his hands to a small pulley and slid along
the wire beyond the wall. Ingo and Henger began to practice in the piloting of
aircraft. In 1989, taking flight from West Berlin with two ultralight planes on
which they had painted the red star of the GDR, reached unmolested the East
side of town. They landed in a public park. They took on board of plane the
last their brother Egbert during taxiing on improvised runway, taking
immediately the flight and reaching the western part of the city undisturbed.
Heinz Meixner was an Austrian in love with an East Berliner girl. Because his girlfriend had have denied permission to marry in Austria, Heinz organized the escape. In 1963 he went to East Berlin with a convertible car rented. The lowest car he had found. He sawed off the windscreen with the uprights and removed the cover, he deflated the wheels partially. The car was high about 70 centimeters from the ground at this point. The previous days he had managed to estimate the height of the border bars. He loaded the car his girlfriend and the mother-in-law who crouched on the floor. He led calmly to checkpoint Charlie. When the Vopos signaled to stop for checks, Heinz quickened, he ducked and managed to go with the car below the border barriers.
Towards the end of 1989 the checks began to fade about the citizens of East Germany with the appointment of Gorbachev as secretary of the CPSU. Hungary had liberalized border crossing with Austria. A considerable number of East Germans traveled to Hungary, crossing Czechoslovakia, where there were no restrictions on the border, to reach Austria across its borders.
Hungary stopped the East Germans as the freedom of transit with Austria was insured only for Hungarian citizens. A crowd of the GDR Germans who were already on the Hungarian soil invaded the diplomatic and consular offices of the Western states. An agreement interjected between West Germany, Hungary and the GDR. The Germans who were in Hungary was allowed to reach West Germany with trains that entered into the GDR and then take passengers to the West.
A wave of protests spread the GDR for this solution which favored only some citizens. The Central Committee chaired by Erich Honecker decided to allow their citizens to cross the border with West Germany and West Berlin granting of transit permits.
On November 9, 1989, Günter Schabowski, propaganda minister who had been instructed to communicate the decision to the public, broke the news in the evening news television network. To a specific question of the journalist Schabowski mistakenly stated that the decision had immediate effect.
The same evening an innumerable crowd of Berliners citizens showed up at checkpoints requesting permission to cross the border. Crowd was as much that it was not possible restrain. At one point the bars were opened and people began to enter in the western part of the city. The West Berliners came out of the bars and clubs to welcome them among shouts of joy. The bar began to offer free beer to all. It was an unforgettable night for the Berliners and the rest of the world. The event was broadcast live on Western TV. Many began with pickaxes to open breaches in the wall. The work of demolition was completed in the following days with the help of bulldozers.
The official unification of Germany took place on 3 October 1990. The eastern German Lander were reconstituted as the communist regime had transformed them into provinces, joining shortly after the Federal Republic of Germany.
(Photo at the top: Berlin Wall, Paolos 2006)
